It also underlines the need for governmental transparency and due diligence in making contracts. In late October London’s High Court overturned an arbitration decision which had seen Nigeria liable for $11bn in compensation to a firm which the government insisted had acted fraudulently. The original case had been brought to London’s arbitration courts by Process & Industrial Developments (P&ID), a company registered in the British Virgin Islands that in 2010 signed an agreement with Nigeria’s petroleum ministry to develop a processing plant in Calabar, Cross River State. When Nigeria failed to build a pipeline that would have supplied the plant, the firm alleged breach of contract and began arbitration proceedings in London. That led to a $6.6bn judgment in the company’s favour, which later swelled to $11bn as it accrued interest. But on 23 October High Court judge Justice Robin Knowles reversed the decision. He concluded that P&ID had paid bribes to a Nigerian oil ministry official in connection with the contract and had failed to disclose these when it commenced arbitration.