What You Need to Know
Zambia is a landlocked Southern African nation known for political stability, abundant natural resources, and one of the world’s most dramatic natural landmarks—Victoria Falls. Anchored by the Zambezi River and the mineral-rich Copperbelt, Zambia has long played a central role in regional trade, energy, and diplomacy. Today, the country is focused on economic reform, debt management, and translating resource wealth into inclusive growth.
Zambia at a Glance
Capital: Lusaka
Population: ~20–21 million
Official Language: English
Government: Presidential republic
Economy: Mining- and agriculture-led with growing services
Key Strengths: Copper resources, hydropower, political stability
Regional Role: Southern Africa trade, energy, and transit hub
Why Zambia Matters
Zambia matters because of its resources, geography, and governance record. As one of the world’s leading copper producers—critical for electrification and the energy transition—Zambia is central to global supply chains. Its peaceful political culture and strategic location connecting eight neighboring countries give it outsized regional influence.
Geography and Location
Zambia is located in Southern Africa, bordered by eight countries: Angola, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, and Namibia.
The country’s geography includes high plateaus, river systems, wetlands, and waterfalls. The Zambezi River forms much of Zambia’s southern boundary and powers major hydropower stations, while Victoria Falls is a defining natural feature and global attraction.
People and Society
Zambia has a population of approximately 20–21 million people and is ethnically diverse, with more than 70 ethnic groups. Major groups include the Bemba, Tonga, Chewa, Lozi, and Ngoni.
English is the official language, while many local languages are widely spoken. Christianity is the predominant religion, practiced alongside traditional beliefs. Urbanization is increasing, particularly in Lusaka and the Copperbelt cities.
A Brief Historical Context
Before colonial rule, Zambia was home to powerful kingdoms and trading networks. Britain colonized the territory as Northern Rhodesia in the late 19th century.
Zambia gained independence in 1964 under Kenneth Kaunda. The country became known for its role in regional liberation movements and non-aligned diplomacy. Economic challenges linked to copper price volatility shaped much of the post-independence period.
In recent years, Zambia has emphasized democratic renewal and economic reform.
Government and Politics
Zambia is a presidential republic with a competitive multiparty system. Peaceful elections and transfers of power have been a hallmark of the country’s political life.
Governance priorities include economic recovery, public finance reform, anti-corruption efforts, and service delivery.
Economy: Copper, Agriculture, and Reform
Zambia’s economy is anchored by mining, particularly copper and cobalt, which generate the majority of export earnings. Agriculture employs a large share of the population, producing maize, soybeans, tobacco, and horticultural crops.
Key economic priorities include:
- Expanding value addition in mining
- Strengthening agriculture and food security
- Investing in energy and infrastructure
- Supporting manufacturing and services
Macroeconomic stabilization and diversification are central to long-term growth.
Trade, Diplomacy, and Regional Influence
Zambia is a member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). Its road and rail corridors link Southern, Central, and East Africa, making it a critical transit country.
Zambia has a strong record of regional diplomacy and peacebuilding.
Tourism and Natural Heritage
Tourism is a growing sector, anchored by Victoria Falls—one of the Seven Natural Wonders of the World. National parks such as South Luangwa and Lower Zambezi are renowned for wildlife and walking safaris.
Nature-based and adventure tourism are central to Zambia’s tourism strategy.
Safety and Travel Considerations
Zambia is generally considered safe for visitors, with well-established tourist infrastructure around major attractions. Travelers are advised to exercise normal caution and plan for distances and seasonal conditions.
Culture and Daily Life
Zambian culture emphasizes community, music, and ceremony. Festivals, traditional dances, and storytelling play important roles in social life.
Daily life centers on family, markets, agriculture, and small enterprises, supported by strong community networks.
Sports and National Identity
Football is Zambia’s most popular sport and a major source of national pride, highlighted by the national team’s Africa Cup of Nations victory. Athletics and boxing are also widely followed.
